PrepTest 91+, Section 4, Question 7
In 1959, Hitsville, USA—the company better known as Motown Records—was founded in Detroit, Michigan by Berry Gordy, Jr. Several factors contributed to Motown's rapidly becoming one of the most successful record companies in the United States. Gordy's entrepreneurial skills and his belief in economic independence played a great role in Motown's success, as did the artistic situation in Detroit in the 1960s. Capitalizing on the rich musical talent of Detroit's African American community, Motown moved quickly into the vanguard of the popular music industry.
Motown's status as an independent company allowed Gordy considerable freedom to oppose recording industry convention. He rejected the practice that was common in the late 1950s and early 1960s of having established recording stars remake songs originally produced within and for limited markets. Gordy insisted that the musical performances recorded by Motown artists would appeal not just to African American audiences, but to a much wider market, and that there would thus be no need to engage high-priced major-label artists to produce alternate versions of Motown's songs. Gordy believed that maintaining the highest possible technical quality in Motown's recordings was an essential part of this appeal, and he devoted the necessary resources to this endeavor.
Another crucial factor in Motown's success was Detroit's well-developed public school music-education program, which provided the company with a deep and talented pool of artists and technicians. The roots of this program reached back to the turn of the century, when a trained soprano and Detroit native named E. Azalia Hackley adopted the musical education of African American youth as her personal mission. From Hackley's tutelage to that of locally renowned public school music teachers, Detroit's African American youth had been educated in a vibrant musical atmosphere. Nearly all of Motown's session musicians, arrangers, and producers were trained in this program. Moreover, many of the performers who would become famous exemplars of the Motown sound received musical training and exposure to diverse musical styles in Detroit schools. Motown's three major early groups—the Supremes, the Temptations, and the Miracles—came together and originally rehearsed at their high schools.
In addition to Gordy's business acumen and the talent produced by the local school system, the invention and growing popularity of electric instruments also played a noteworthy role in Motown's rise to prominence. African American musicians were among the first to use the electric bass, for example, crafting a distinctive sound that inspired other musicians to experiment with this new musical technology. This experimentation ultimately led to a revolution in popular music, helping to broaden both its sound and its audience. In this way, too, Motown Records helped to initiate, and simultaneously benefited from, landmark shifts in popular music culture.
In 1959, Hitsville, USA—the company better known as Motown Records—was founded in Detroit, Michigan by Berry Gordy, Jr. Several factors contributed to Motown's rapidly becoming one of the most successful record companies in the United States. Gordy's entrepreneurial skills and his belief in economic independence played a great role in Motown's success, as did the artistic situation in Detroit in the 1960s. Capitalizing on the rich musical talent of Detroit's African American community, Motown moved quickly into the vanguard of the popular music industry.
Motown's status as an independent company allowed Gordy considerable freedom to oppose recording industry convention. He rejected the practice that was common in the late 1950s and early 1960s of having established recording stars remake songs originally produced within and for limited markets. Gordy insisted that the musical performances recorded by Motown artists would appeal not just to African American audiences, but to a much wider market, and that there would thus be no need to engage high-priced major-label artists to produce alternate versions of Motown's songs. Gordy believed that maintaining the highest possible technical quality in Motown's recordings was an essential part of this appeal, and he devoted the necessary resources to this endeavor.
Another crucial factor in Motown's success was Detroit's well-developed public school music-education program, which provided the company with a deep and talented pool of artists and technicians. The roots of this program reached back to the turn of the century, when a trained soprano and Detroit native named E. Azalia Hackley adopted the musical education of African American youth as her personal mission. From Hackley's tutelage to that of locally renowned public school music teachers, Detroit's African American youth had been educated in a vibrant musical atmosphere. Nearly all of Motown's session musicians, arrangers, and producers were trained in this program. Moreover, many of the performers who would become famous exemplars of the Motown sound received musical training and exposure to diverse musical styles in Detroit schools. Motown's three major early groups—the Supremes, the Temptations, and the Miracles—came together and originally rehearsed at their high schools.
In addition to Gordy's business acumen and the talent produced by the local school system, the invention and growing popularity of electric instruments also played a noteworthy role in Motown's rise to prominence. African American musicians were among the first to use the electric bass, for example, crafting a distinctive sound that inspired other musicians to experiment with this new musical technology. This experimentation ultimately led to a revolution in popular music, helping to broaden both its sound and its audience. In this way, too, Motown Records helped to initiate, and simultaneously benefited from, landmark shifts in popular music culture.
In 1959, Hitsville, USA—the company better known as Motown Records—was founded in Detroit, Michigan by Berry Gordy, Jr. Several factors contributed to Motown's rapidly becoming one of the most successful record companies in the United States. Gordy's entrepreneurial skills and his belief in economic independence played a great role in Motown's success, as did the artistic situation in Detroit in the 1960s. Capitalizing on the rich musical talent of Detroit's African American community, Motown moved quickly into the vanguard of the popular music industry.
Motown's status as an independent company allowed Gordy considerable freedom to oppose recording industry convention. He rejected the practice that was common in the late 1950s and early 1960s of having established recording stars remake songs originally produced within and for limited markets. Gordy insisted that the musical performances recorded by Motown artists would appeal not just to African American audiences, but to a much wider market, and that there would thus be no need to engage high-priced major-label artists to produce alternate versions of Motown's songs. Gordy believed that maintaining the highest possible technical quality in Motown's recordings was an essential part of this appeal, and he devoted the necessary resources to this endeavor.
Another crucial factor in Motown's success was Detroit's well-developed public school music-education program, which provided the company with a deep and talented pool of artists and technicians. The roots of this program reached back to the turn of the century, when a trained soprano and Detroit native named E. Azalia Hackley adopted the musical education of African American youth as her personal mission. From Hackley's tutelage to that of locally renowned public school music teachers, Detroit's African American youth had been educated in a vibrant musical atmosphere. Nearly all of Motown's session musicians, arrangers, and producers were trained in this program. Moreover, many of the performers who would become famous exemplars of the Motown sound received musical training and exposure to diverse musical styles in Detroit schools. Motown's three major early groups—the Supremes, the Temptations, and the Miracles—came together and originally rehearsed at their high schools.
In addition to Gordy's business acumen and the talent produced by the local school system, the invention and growing popularity of electric instruments also played a noteworthy role in Motown's rise to prominence. African American musicians were among the first to use the electric bass, for example, crafting a distinctive sound that inspired other musicians to experiment with this new musical technology. This experimentation ultimately led to a revolution in popular music, helping to broaden both its sound and its audience. In this way, too, Motown Records helped to initiate, and simultaneously benefited from, landmark shifts in popular music culture.
In 1959, Hitsville, USA—the company better known as Motown Records—was founded in Detroit, Michigan by Berry Gordy, Jr. Several factors contributed to Motown's rapidly becoming one of the most successful record companies in the United States. Gordy's entrepreneurial skills and his belief in economic independence played a great role in Motown's success, as did the artistic situation in Detroit in the 1960s. Capitalizing on the rich musical talent of Detroit's African American community, Motown moved quickly into the vanguard of the popular music industry.
Motown's status as an independent company allowed Gordy considerable freedom to oppose recording industry convention. He rejected the practice that was common in the late 1950s and early 1960s of having established recording stars remake songs originally produced within and for limited markets. Gordy insisted that the musical performances recorded by Motown artists would appeal not just to African American audiences, but to a much wider market, and that there would thus be no need to engage high-priced major-label artists to produce alternate versions of Motown's songs. Gordy believed that maintaining the highest possible technical quality in Motown's recordings was an essential part of this appeal, and he devoted the necessary resources to this endeavor.
Another crucial factor in Motown's success was Detroit's well-developed public school music-education program, which provided the company with a deep and talented pool of artists and technicians. The roots of this program reached back to the turn of the century, when a trained soprano and Detroit native named E. Azalia Hackley adopted the musical education of African American youth as her personal mission. From Hackley's tutelage to that of locally renowned public school music teachers, Detroit's African American youth had been educated in a vibrant musical atmosphere. Nearly all of Motown's session musicians, arrangers, and producers were trained in this program. Moreover, many of the performers who would become famous exemplars of the Motown sound received musical training and exposure to diverse musical styles in Detroit schools. Motown's three major early groups—the Supremes, the Temptations, and the Miracles—came together and originally rehearsed at their high schools.
In addition to Gordy's business acumen and the talent produced by the local school system, the invention and growing popularity of electric instruments also played a noteworthy role in Motown's rise to prominence. African American musicians were among the first to use the electric bass, for example, crafting a distinctive sound that inspired other musicians to experiment with this new musical technology. This experimentation ultimately led to a revolution in popular music, helping to broaden both its sound and its audience. In this way, too, Motown Records helped to initiate, and simultaneously benefited from, landmark shifts in popular music culture.
The author's discussion of E. Azalia Hackley serves primarily to illustrate
the existence of a long-standing tradition of musical education for African American young people in Detroit
the specific type of musical education that was provided in Detroit's public schools
the extent to which many Motown performers had been directly influenced by Hackley
the way in which music instruction in Detroit's public schools had changed over the years
the author's belief that music instruction in Detroit would have languished without such ardent supporters
Explanations
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