PrepTest 89, Section 4, Question 8
With rapidly expanding populations, growing industrial development, and dwindling water supplies on national and regional levels, water is fast replacing oil as the world's most valuable resource. Meanwhile, the growing importance of water in geopolitical affairs has increased the potential for international conflict over water resources. Thus as development and other threats to the world's rivers have continued to mount, nations have become acutely aware of the need for legal and institutional mechanisms to manage and protect resources that traverse their borders. Recognition of the need for international cooperation in efforts to manage and protect rivers has led the United Nations' International Law Commission (ILC) to develop a treaty structure for the uses of international watercourses.
The ILC's Draft Articles on the Law of the Non-Navigational Uses of International Watercourses are an attempt to codify the customary principles of international water law as those principles are manifested in past legal decisions and currently accepted international practice. The Draft Articles are intended as a set of guidelines for the creation of treaties governing the use of specific international watercourses. They prescribe that treaties should uphold several broad precepts: that one nation's use of a watercourse should not cause appreciable harm to another nation, that every nation's use of the watercourse should be equitable and reasonable, and that nations should work for the protection of ecosystems.
Though the Draft Articles are a significant step forward in the formulation of legal principles for the protection and regulation of international rivers, they are inadequate because they do not provide satisfactory ways of dealing with possible future environmental changes. One significant environmental threat to the world's rivers is the increase of atmospheric carbon dioxide. With its resultant greenhouse effect and warmer temperatures, it is likely to have a number of dramatic effects on water levels in international river systems, arising from increased runoff due to snowmelt or, more importantly, from decreased precipitation in many regions.
Treaties that allocate fixed amounts of water to various countries based on current usage, as suggested by the Draft Articles, will not be flexible enough to respond to these large fluctuations in river flows. Once specific water rights are allocated along a river in accordance with the Draft Articles, nations would have no mechanism for coping with a drastic reduction in the flow of the river. Adhering rigidly to these fixed allocations would unjustly favor those countries whose water usage is most extensive. One way to circumvent this problem is to devise treaties that apportion water use in more flexible ways—for example, by assigning proportional shares rather than fixed allotments of water. Similarly, treaties might incorporate explicit contingency plans dealing specifically with issues related to possible climate changes, such as how reduced flows will be allocated among the countries sharing a river.
With rapidly expanding populations, growing industrial development, and dwindling water supplies on national and regional levels, water is fast replacing oil as the world's most valuable resource. Meanwhile, the growing importance of water in geopolitical affairs has increased the potential for international conflict over water resources. Thus as development and other threats to the world's rivers have continued to mount, nations have become acutely aware of the need for legal and institutional mechanisms to manage and protect resources that traverse their borders. Recognition of the need for international cooperation in efforts to manage and protect rivers has led the United Nations' International Law Commission (ILC) to develop a treaty structure for the uses of international watercourses.
The ILC's Draft Articles on the Law of the Non-Navigational Uses of International Watercourses are an attempt to codify the customary principles of international water law as those principles are manifested in past legal decisions and currently accepted international practice. The Draft Articles are intended as a set of guidelines for the creation of treaties governing the use of specific international watercourses. They prescribe that treaties should uphold several broad precepts: that one nation's use of a watercourse should not cause appreciable harm to another nation, that every nation's use of the watercourse should be equitable and reasonable, and that nations should work for the protection of ecosystems.
Though the Draft Articles are a significant step forward in the formulation of legal principles for the protection and regulation of international rivers, they are inadequate because they do not provide satisfactory ways of dealing with possible future environmental changes. One significant environmental threat to the world's rivers is the increase of atmospheric carbon dioxide. With its resultant greenhouse effect and warmer temperatures, it is likely to have a number of dramatic effects on water levels in international river systems, arising from increased runoff due to snowmelt or, more importantly, from decreased precipitation in many regions.
Treaties that allocate fixed amounts of water to various countries based on current usage, as suggested by the Draft Articles, will not be flexible enough to respond to these large fluctuations in river flows. Once specific water rights are allocated along a river in accordance with the Draft Articles, nations would have no mechanism for coping with a drastic reduction in the flow of the river. Adhering rigidly to these fixed allocations would unjustly favor those countries whose water usage is most extensive. One way to circumvent this problem is to devise treaties that apportion water use in more flexible ways—for example, by assigning proportional shares rather than fixed allotments of water. Similarly, treaties might incorporate explicit contingency plans dealing specifically with issues related to possible climate changes, such as how reduced flows will be allocated among the countries sharing a river.
With rapidly expanding populations, growing industrial development, and dwindling water supplies on national and regional levels, water is fast replacing oil as the world's most valuable resource. Meanwhile, the growing importance of water in geopolitical affairs has increased the potential for international conflict over water resources. Thus as development and other threats to the world's rivers have continued to mount, nations have become acutely aware of the need for legal and institutional mechanisms to manage and protect resources that traverse their borders. Recognition of the need for international cooperation in efforts to manage and protect rivers has led the United Nations' International Law Commission (ILC) to develop a treaty structure for the uses of international watercourses.
The ILC's Draft Articles on the Law of the Non-Navigational Uses of International Watercourses are an attempt to codify the customary principles of international water law as those principles are manifested in past legal decisions and currently accepted international practice. The Draft Articles are intended as a set of guidelines for the creation of treaties governing the use of specific international watercourses. They prescribe that treaties should uphold several broad precepts: that one nation's use of a watercourse should not cause appreciable harm to another nation, that every nation's use of the watercourse should be equitable and reasonable, and that nations should work for the protection of ecosystems.
Though the Draft Articles are a significant step forward in the formulation of legal principles for the protection and regulation of international rivers, they are inadequate because they do not provide satisfactory ways of dealing with possible future environmental changes. One significant environmental threat to the world's rivers is the increase of atmospheric carbon dioxide. With its resultant greenhouse effect and warmer temperatures, it is likely to have a number of dramatic effects on water levels in international river systems, arising from increased runoff due to snowmelt or, more importantly, from decreased precipitation in many regions.
Treaties that allocate fixed amounts of water to various countries based on current usage, as suggested by the Draft Articles, will not be flexible enough to respond to these large fluctuations in river flows. Once specific water rights are allocated along a river in accordance with the Draft Articles, nations would have no mechanism for coping with a drastic reduction in the flow of the river. Adhering rigidly to these fixed allocations would unjustly favor those countries whose water usage is most extensive. One way to circumvent this problem is to devise treaties that apportion water use in more flexible ways—for example, by assigning proportional shares rather than fixed allotments of water. Similarly, treaties might incorporate explicit contingency plans dealing specifically with issues related to possible climate changes, such as how reduced flows will be allocated among the countries sharing a river.
With rapidly expanding populations, growing industrial development, and dwindling water supplies on national and regional levels, water is fast replacing oil as the world's most valuable resource. Meanwhile, the growing importance of water in geopolitical affairs has increased the potential for international conflict over water resources. Thus as development and other threats to the world's rivers have continued to mount, nations have become acutely aware of the need for legal and institutional mechanisms to manage and protect resources that traverse their borders. Recognition of the need for international cooperation in efforts to manage and protect rivers has led the United Nations' International Law Commission (ILC) to develop a treaty structure for the uses of international watercourses.
The ILC's Draft Articles on the Law of the Non-Navigational Uses of International Watercourses are an attempt to codify the customary principles of international water law as those principles are manifested in past legal decisions and currently accepted international practice. The Draft Articles are intended as a set of guidelines for the creation of treaties governing the use of specific international watercourses. They prescribe that treaties should uphold several broad precepts: that one nation's use of a watercourse should not cause appreciable harm to another nation, that every nation's use of the watercourse should be equitable and reasonable, and that nations should work for the protection of ecosystems.
Though the Draft Articles are a significant step forward in the formulation of legal principles for the protection and regulation of international rivers, they are inadequate because they do not provide satisfactory ways of dealing with possible future environmental changes. One significant environmental threat to the world's rivers is the increase of atmospheric carbon dioxide. With its resultant greenhouse effect and warmer temperatures, it is likely to have a number of dramatic effects on water levels in international river systems, arising from increased runoff due to snowmelt or, more importantly, from decreased precipitation in many regions.
Treaties that allocate fixed amounts of water to various countries based on current usage, as suggested by the Draft Articles, will not be flexible enough to respond to these large fluctuations in river flows. Once specific water rights are allocated along a river in accordance with the Draft Articles, nations would have no mechanism for coping with a drastic reduction in the flow of the river. Adhering rigidly to these fixed allocations would unjustly favor those countries whose water usage is most extensive. One way to circumvent this problem is to devise treaties that apportion water use in more flexible ways—for example, by assigning proportional shares rather than fixed allotments of water. Similarly, treaties might incorporate explicit contingency plans dealing specifically with issues related to possible climate changes, such as how reduced flows will be allocated among the countries sharing a river.
Which one of the following most accurately expresses the main point of the passage?
The world's water resources are on the decline, so the ILC has formulated a set of treaty guidelines designed to ensure each nation's equitable use of watercourses, protect ecosystems, and prevent one country's use of a watercourse from harming another country.
The potential for international conflict over dwindling water resources is escalating due to climatic changes, so the ILC has developed a treaty structure in an effort to ensure and safeguard the continued growth of industrial development on national and regional levels.
Though the ILC's Draft Articles are a worthwhile attempt to assemble an appropriate set of principles to govern the formulation of treaties concerning the use of international watercourses, they are flawed because of their lack of provision for the foreseeable effects of certain predicted environmental changes.
While the environmental threats to the world's water resources have thus far had little impact on river systems, the ILC's Draft Articles can and should be suitably revised to take into account possible future threats that could significantly alter the world's rivers.
The increase in atmospheric carbon dioxide and the attendant greenhouse effect and resultant global warming have already had detrimental effects on international river systems, and the ILC's Draft Articles fail to outline adequate contingency plans to deal with these environmental changes.
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